There are different types of cells. Scientists had classified them in two major groups by looking to membrane bound organelles.These groups are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.The general information about characteristic of these major groups is given below:
Animal Cells
→Prokaryotic Cell
The prokaryotic cell is a simple cell.By saying it is a simple cell, it has no nucleus, and no membrane-bound organelles.Organelles found free in cytoplasm. The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is found in a region of the cell known as the nucleoid. Bacterias are a fine example of prokaryotic cells and divide by a process known as binary fission; they duplicate their genetic material, divide in half, and produce two identical daughter cells. Prokaryotic cells are found only in the kingdom Monera (bacteria group).
Size comparison of them
Differences:
• It hasn't got any membrane-bound organelles but has lots of ribosomes around DNA.
• Genetic material is freely found in cytoplasm.
• Have a single-circular DNA(not double helix)
• Ribosomes are 70S
• Size 0.5-5 micrometer
• Have mesosomes in aerobic species (similar function to the mitochondria)
• In photosynthetic prokaryotes, chlorophyll is found in cytoplasm
• Examples are bacteria and blue-green algae,
• Could have capsules as a pathogenic cell.
• Some types have plasmids, a segmented DNA.
• Some kinds of them have mezosomes for aerobic respiration.
• Many of themn have a cell wall made of peptidoglyan
By the help of gram staining method, there can be found much more differences.
• Have outer membrane made up of lipopolysaccharide.
• Proteins named porins are found and act as a pore for particular molecules.
• Between periplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan some space is found .
• Release endotoxin
Additional Information: Life kingdoms(Monera is the bacterial broup)
→Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells comprise all of the life kingdoms except monera. They can be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus.Also they have much more complex function and structure than prokaryotic cells.For example while prokaryotes do not form chromosomes in reproduction, eukaryotes form them.Another example is prokaryotes are usually unicellular and this means they cannot form tissues but eukaryotes can.Eukaryotic cells include both animal and plant cells,mostly they look alike but organelles of them differ.
Differences:
• Have membrane-bound organelles.For example mitochondrion
• Their genetic material is packaged in nucleus
• They have linear chromosomes made of DNA and proteins (histones).
• Ribosomes are 80S (The S stands for svedberg unit)
• Their size is about 20 micrometer
• Protists, fungi, plant and animal cells are examples for eukaryotic.
• Campared to the prokaryotes, they are much more complex cell type.
In eukaryotic cells, there are two groups: animals and plants
Animal Cells:As it is named it is generally found in animals.
Differences between plants:
• They have no cell wall.
• Additionally it has centrioles unlike plant cells.It is an organelle that creates fibers while division.
• There are many lysosomes unlike the plant cells.
• Unlike plant cells they can do endocytosis.
Plant Cells:As it is named it is generally found in plants.
• They are larger than animal cells.
• They have chloroplasts.
• Plant cells have plasmodesmata which links pores in the cell wall allow and communication between adjacent cells unlike animal cells.
• Vacuole(Central vacoule) is tha largest otganelle unlike nucleus in animal cells.
• Have plasmodesmata near between cell wall of two plant cells.
