The Cell World: Organels of Cells

Organels of Cells

→The cells are composed of units called organels that had come together and created cells.There are some basic organels to keep work in cell.Now we are going to examine them under classifactions.

→First general classifaction is between animal and plant cells.The we will study animal cells in prokaryotic and eukaryotic groups.When we look at these we got a schematic like that in below:

There are different and similar organelles between them.This table in below will help you to understand better.

Organelles	Plants	Animals
Chloroplast	Yes	No
Endoplasmic Reticulum	Yes	Yes
Golgi Apparatus	Yes	Yes
Mitochondrion	Yes	Yes
Vacuole	Yes	Yes
Nucleus	Yes	Yes
Acrosome	No	Yes
Autophagosome	Yes	Yes
Centriole	No	Yes
Cillium	Mostly no	Yes
Eyespot apparatus	Mostly no	No
Glycosome	No	Mostly no/some protoza
Glyoxysome	Yes	No
Hydrogenosome	Mostly no	Mostly no
Lysosome	Yes	Yes
Melanosome	No	Yes
Mitosome	No	Mostly no
Myofibril	No	Yes/in muscle cells
Nucleolus	Yes	Yes
Parenthosome	No	Yes/in fungi
Perixosome	Yes	Yes
Proteasome	Yes	Yes
Ribosome	Yes	Yes
Vesicle	Yes	Yes

The cell wall

Function: It prevent bursting the cell in hypotenic solution

Importance:Keeps alive cell.It is important for photosynthetic sea plants.

Structure:Made up of cellulose.

Ribosome

Function:Protein syntheis

Importance: Protein is used for nearly needed for everything.For example they are needed to synthesise enzymes.Also they are needed to form some organelles.

Structure:They are made up of 50 proteins and RNAs

Endpolasmic reticulum

It divides into two as Rough E.R and Smooth E.R

→Rough E.R

Function:Protein synthesis, trnsportation of materials.

Importance: Translation of proteins.

→Smooth E.R

Function:To synthesis lipid and steroid, transportation of substances.

Importance: Translation of lipids.

Structure: It is extended membrane system.Contain either ribosomes or not.

Golgi Apparatus:

Function:Packaging materials,macromolecule productuin,Collects proteins and lipids made in ER.

Importance:

Structure:Stacks of flattened membrane sacks.

Lysosome

Function:Contains digestive enyzme,digest foods and worn out organelles.

Importance:Prevents "trashes",releasing the digestive acidic enzyme to cell.

Structure:Strong single membrane compartment because of not to release the digestive enzyme to cell

Peroxisome

Function:Break down of hydrogen peroxide,long fatty acid chains by beta oxidation

Importance:As it breakdowns materials,they become naturalised and harmless for cell.Also it takes important mission in yeast while making alcohol by sending the broken fatty acid chains to mitochondrion.

Structure: Single membrane compartment

Mitochondria

Function:Respiration, produces ATP

Importance:Energy profuction from glucose

Structure: Double membrane compartment

Plastids

Function:storage, photosynthesis

Importance:they are important because they produce oxygen and food.

Structure:they have double membrane

Vacuoles

Function:Storage,transportation,help homeotasis.

Importance:Kepps the stability of the cell.For example by taking protonsfrom cytosol, it stabilises ph range of cytoplasm.

Structure:Seperated from cytoplasm by a membrane named tonopalst.

Nucleus

Function:Maintance of DNA, RNA trancription

Importance:it is the control centre of cell so it is the "boss" around there.It gives orders,inspect the cell.

Structure:Double membrane compartment with pores on the nuclear envelope.

Acrosome

Function:Helps spermatozoon to fuse with oven

Importance:Reproduction

Structure:Single membrane comaprtment

Autophagosome

Function:Vesicle that is take the organelle inside itself when it is needed to digestion.

Importance:Digestion of organelles occurs in a safe place

Structure:Double membrane compartment

Centriole

Function:Anchor for cytoskeleton,organizes cell division

Importance:The animals cell are divided by the help of centriole.It creates spindle fibers.Also it is takes role in shape of the cell.

Structure:group of microtubules

Cillium

Function:Movement

Importance:Critical for developmental sihnaling pathway

Structure:Microtubule proteins that covers the surface of cell

Eyespot apparatus

Function:Detects light

Importance:Allowing phototaxis to take place

Structure:They are made by eyespot proteins

Glycosome

Function: Take part in glycolysis

Importance:It is a unit that takes part in anaerobic respiration

Structure:Single membrane compartment

Glyoxysome

Function:Converts fats into sugar

Importance:Glyoxylate path

Structure:Specialized peroxisome

Hydrogenosome

Function:Enery reproduction and hydrogen release

Importance:Keep the life of the cell by producing energy

Structure:Double membraned like mitochondrion about 1-2 micrometers that is evolved from mitochondrion

Melanosome

Function:Pigment storage

Importance:Give the color for the place where it is found

Structure:they could be about 500 nanometer and shaped like a round or sasugage-shape.

Mitosome

Function:Make colonie

Importance:Assembly of Fe-S cluster,

Structure:Only found in where mitochondrion is not found.

Myofibril

Function:Myocyte contraction

Importance:Muscle contration

Structure:They are formed from tubular cells that developed from myoblast.

Nucleolus

Function:Pre ribosome production

Importance:Contains the rRNAs that is needed for ribosome synthesis

Structure:Dark spherical shape with no enclosing embrane it from nucleoplasm